Boosting Cannabis Growth: The Science of Air Filtration for Grow Room

In today’s cannabis cultivation scenario, “air filtration for grow room” has taken center stage. Why is air filtration paramount in grow rooms? The answer encompasses the growth, yield, quality, and well-being of the cannabis plants. This piece will explore how air filtration technologies can optimize the environment within grow rooms, unlocking the maximum potential of cannabis cultivation.

Cultivating cannabis extends far beyond the simplicity of embedding a seed within the soil and patiently awaiting its ascension. It's a journey steeped in precision and thoughtful management, a journey to create a nurturing cradle where plants can genuinely thrive. Achieving pristine air quality is foundational in sculpting such a nurturing habitat, playing a silent but pivotal role in fostering a flourishing and profitable cannabis environment. Through the lens of air filtration, we gain the capability to moderate and refine the air within our grow rooms, steering the developmental journey of the plants towards enriched growth and fruition.

Air filtration systems are the gold standard in the scientific art of growing cannabis, covering aspects such as controlling odors in the environment, preventing harmful pollutants from entering, and maintaining the purity of indoor air. This article is designed to unlock new possibilities in cannabis cultivation and offering insights and practical advice for you. From the science behind air filtration to maintenance tips, it’s all here, guiding you to cultivation excellence.

Why Air Filtration Matters for Grow Rooms

Air filtration is a crucial aspect of cannabis cultivation. It's not just a technical requirement but a fundamental element ensuring the well-being of the plants. Premium air quality distinctly impacts the well-being, growth, and output of the cannabis plants, thus being fundamental to productive and efficient growing approaches.

Speaking pragmatically, air filtration has to uphold a harmonious and uncontaminated environment favorable for plant development. It purifies the atmosphere from undesirable elements and possible contaminants, creating a more beneficial ambiance for plant growth. Recognizing and applying proficient air filtration strategies are paramount for refining the environment in the grow room, emphasizing its crucial role in the entirety of the cultivation procedure.

The Essence of Quality Air in Growing

Quality air is the lifeblood of successful cannabis cultivation. It’s fundamental, not just for the vitality of the plants but for optimizing the yield and quality of the cannabis. The clean and balanced air supports a prosperous grow room, influencing each stage of the plant’s life from its inception as a seed to its culmination at harvest.

From a hands-on perspective, delivering quality air equates to fostering an ambiance where plants can breathe, assimilate, and flourish, free from the disturbances of impurities and pollutants. It’s a commitment to ensuring every part of the plant can unfold its maximum potential in a habitat where the atmosphere is pristine and the conditions favorable. Grasping the significance of fresh air and adopting efficient air filtration can define an average and a thriving cultivation, highlighting its central importance in the entire cultivation process.

Air Filtration’s Role in Cannabis Cultivation

Air filtration holds paramount importance in the cannabis cultivation process. It's not just a cleaner but a silent guardian of the grow room, shielding plants from detrimental pollutants and ensuring the delivered air is pure and conducive to growth.

Speaking pragmatically, having an efficient air filtration system is essential for reducing the risks posed by molds, pathogens, and other potential threats lingering in the air, which can harm the plants. It's akin to providing a pristine canvas for the plants to flourish, allowing them to unlock their full potential in a space free from contamination and harmful residues.

A robust air filtration setup symbolizes the thoughtful attention and accuracy applied in cultivating cannabis, highlighting the necessity for a stable and congenial atmosphere for the best plant development. Understanding and acknowledging the critical role of air filtration becomes crucial in achieving a higher standard in cannabis cultivation, highlighting its essential contribution to creating the ideal conditions for plant growth.

Air Quality: The Backbone of Healthy Cannabis Growth

Air quality isn’t just an aspect of cannabis cultivation; it’s the essence, the vital force that empowers the plants to breathe and thrive. When cultivating cannabis, every breath the plants take should be nourishing, pure, and a whisper of life, allowing them to grow in harmony and vitality.

Impact of Pollutants on Cannabis Yield and Quality

Pollutants are the unseen enemies of cannabis cultivation. They creep into the grow rooms silently, affecting the yield and quality of the plants. It’s crucial to understand that any impurity, however minor it seems, can become a threat, potentially affecting the essence and vibrancy of the cannabis plants.

The presence of pollutants doesn’t just hinder growth; it alters the very fabric of the plants, affecting their structure, aroma, and potency. In such an environment, every leaf and bud is a struggle, a fight for purity and survival. Mitigating these pollutants is not just about protection; it’s about empowerment, allowing the plants to live and breathe freely, to grow without constraints.

Role of Ventilation in Maintaining Air Quality

Ventilation is pivotal in cannabis growing, facilitating a fresh and balanced atmosphere in the grow room. It's more than just giving plants a breath; it's about guaranteeing a consistent stream of high-quality air, crucial for the overall health and development of the plants.

Put, proper ventilation is vital for replacing stagnant air with new, oxygen-filled air, a core necessity for the respiratory activities of the plants. It's the silent worker maintaining the balance in temperature and humidity, guarding against mold intrusion and unwanted pathogens. A well-ventilated environment is critical to averting excessive moisture-related complications and fostering a healthy environment where plants can prosper.

Achieving suitable ventilation is a dance of balance—ensuring the air moves correctly without causing undue stress to the plants. It's a commitment to sustaining harmony within the growth environment, a promise that each plant can flourish, reaching its peak in a place marked by purity and equilibrium.

Odor Control: Managing Strong Cannabis Aromas

The aroma of cannabis is its signature, its essence. It’s the scent of life, of growth, of existence. However, managing these aromas is crucial to maintaining a balanced and harmonious growing environment. It’s about honoring the plant's true nature while ensuring its scents don’t become overwhelming or obstructive.

Methods for Effective Odor Management

Managing cannabis aromas is about balance, about respect. It’s about embracing the essence of the plant while ensuring the environment remains harmonious and balanced. Effective odor management includes utilizing carbon filters to purify the air, maintaining proper ventilation to ensure air circulation, and employing odor neutralizers to maintain a balanced aromatic environment. It’s about creating a space where the aroma of cannabis can coexist harmoniously with the purity of the air, allowing the plants to thrive in their essence. So, what kind of machine can remove odor? One of the functions of the Altaqua Grow Room HAVC System is Fresh Air Control. It can optimize the grow room environment. Users can set a timer for periodic air circulation to maintain a refreshing atmosphere. It can achieve the effect of managing odor to a certain extent.

Recognizing Potential Airborne Threats

Understanding and identifying potential airborne threats is essential for maintaining the purity and balance of the grow room. It’s about being vigilant, aware, and recognizing the unseen enemies that can affect the health and growth of the cannabis plants.

Identifying and Mitigating Airborne Risks

Being able to identify and mitigate potential airborne risks is crucial. It’s about recognizing the signs, understanding the threats, and protecting the plants proactively. Mitigation strategies include:

• Maintaining proper air filtration to remove contaminants.
• Ensuring adequate ventilation to avoid stagnation.
• Being vigilant about the signs of potential airborne threats.

It’s about creating a protective shield around the plants, allowing them to grow in a space that is free from threats, that is balanced and harmonious.

Unveiling Benefits: Air Filtration's Impact on Grow Room

While we've navigated through the vital necessity of air quality and ventilation in cannabis cultivation, understanding the diverse benefits of air filtration offers a broader perspective. It's not merely a guardian of air purity but a multifaceted contributor to the well-being and prosperity of the cannabis plants in the grow room.

Enhancing Plant Growth and Health

Effective air filtration does more than merely remove contaminants; it fosters an environment optimal for plant growth and vitality. This silent contributor encourages vigorous growth and optimum health of the plants, enabling them to realize their utmost potential. When plants have access to cleaner air, they grow stronger and healthier and develop greater resilience, leading to increased yields and superior-quality harvests. It’s all about establishing a space where plants can thrive without concessions on their health or developmental progress.

Ensuring Purity: Keeping Out Pests and Pathogens

Cleanliness and purity are paramount in cannabis cultivation. Effective air filtration is the first line of defense against various pests and pathogens, keeping the encroaching threats at bay. It's the shield protecting the delicate balance of the grow room, ensuring the sanctity of the plant's environment is never breached by unwanted invaders. By keeping these potential hazards at bay, we enable the cannabis plants to develop in a space as nurturing as it is uncontaminated, liberated from the constraints of illness and infestation.

Amplifying Aromatic Experience: Controlling Unwanted Odors

Beyond the tangible aspects of growth and purity, air filtration plays a pivotal role in managing the intricate aromatic profile of cannabis. It's about refining the aromatic experience, allowing the distinct scents to shine without becoming overpowering or unpleasant. Efficient odor management maintains a pleasant atmosphere within the grow room and respects the aromatic essence of each strain. This refined approach to scent management allows for a harmonious coexistence of rich, diverse aromas within the grow room, enhancing the overall sensory experience of cultivating cannabis.

Understanding Air Filtration: Breaking Down the Basics

As we navigate more deeply into the world of cannabis cultivation and its intertwined relationship with air quality, gaining an understanding of the fundamentals of air filtration becomes paramount. It’s not just about cleaner air but mastering the dynamics that create a sanctuary for plants to reach their zenith.

Dynamics of Air Circulation in Grow Rooms

Understanding the dynamics of air circulation in grow rooms is vital. It's more than circulating air; it's about orchestrating a balanced, seamless environment conducive to optimal plant growth. This includes fostering efficient gas exchange, regulating temperature and humidity, and removing potential harmful elements, creating a realm where each plant can achieve its full potential.

In this realm, it's not just about airflow mechanics, but also about the integration and meticulous orchestration of technologies and strategies to preserve air purity and essence. Mastering these dynamics means being the conductor, aligning every element, and adjusting to craft a harmonious, tranquil atmosphere where cannabis can thrive uninhibitedly and naturally.

How Air Filters Work: The Science Behind the Magic

To truly comprehend how air filters work, dive into scientific precision's intricate realms. It's about unveiling the subtle dance of particles and understanding the nuanced interactions that occur as air passes through a filter. Air filters are not just barriers; they are carefully designed entities that operate on scientific principles to selectively allow passage to air while trapping contaminants and undesired particles, ensuring the cannabis plants breathe in an environment as pure as nature intended.

Let's delve a bit deeper. Air filters combine a myriad of delicate, intricate fibers to form a mesh. This mesh is meticulously designed to capture particles as air flows through it based on interception, impaction, and diffusion principles. The precision and attention to detail in designing these meshes ensure the optimal trapping of impurities while maintaining adequate airflow. It's not just science; it's an art, mastering the delicate balance between purity and flow, between capturing and letting go.

Components of an Effective Filtration System

Crafting an efficient filtration system isn’t about assembling parts; it’s about integrating components seamlessly to purify and revitalize the air in the grow room, forming the bedrock for healthy cannabis growth. Every detail, meticulously chosen and combined, operates in synergy to cleanse the perspective of its impurities, paving the way for a pristine, flourishing environment for the plants.

Pre-filters act as the first line of defense at the core of such systems, trapping larger particles and protecting finer filters downstream from clogging prematurely. They lay the foundation for the filtration process, ensuring longevity and efficiency. Following this, the primary filters take charge, capturing smaller, more subtle contaminants, providing the air that circulates is of the highest quality. Activated carbon filters often complement these primary filters, proficient at adsorbing odors, gases, and VOCs, contributing to a harmonious atmosphere where the natural aromas of cannabis can flourish without overpowering the senses.

In essence, each component in a filtration system has a role and a purpose in the intricate dance of air purification. Grasping the intricacies of these components and their interactions is pivotal in optimizing the cultivation environment, allowing us to step closer to the essence of cannabis cultivation, where purity and growth coexist in harmony.

Key Features to Look For

Selecting the right features in a filtration system is crucial. It’s about discerning the individual needs of the grow room and aligning them with functionalities that not only purify but also harmonize with the overall system. Features such as filter efficiency, airflow capacity, and ease of maintenance are not just additions but necessities, forming the foundation for maintaining impeccable air quality and fostering a pristine environment where cannabis can thrive uninhibitedly. Knowing what to look for is the first step in creating a refined and enriched atmosphere conducive to optimal cannabis cultivation.

Choosing the Right Filter: Ensuring Optimal Efficiency

Selecting the appropriate filter isn't just about ticking boxes; it's about aligning the choice with the unique needs of the cannabis plants and the specific conditions of the grow room. This involves grasping the attributes of various filters and making knowledgeable choices to guarantee the best health and productivity of the plants.

Starting with evaluating the environment is key. When choosing a filter, pondering the kind and quantity of impurities, the size of the growing space, and the specific necessities of the cannabis strain in cultivation is essential. This consideration isn't just a step in the process; it's the foundation upon which the whole selection leans, steering us toward a filter that aligns seamlessly with our needs, tackles the distinct hurdles of our grow room, and guarantees that the air nurturing our plants is clean and refreshing.

Then, diving into the technical specifications of available filters is essential. Attention to the filter's efficiency, capacity, airflow resistance, and lifespan is paramount. A higher efficiency rating means finer filtration but can also increase airflow resistance, so it's about finding the best balance that suits the grow room's needs.

Finally, the practical aspect of maintaining the filter should also be a key consideration. No matter how efficient, a filter isn't the right pick if it gives you a hard time in maintenance. A straightforward filter to maintain and for which parts can be effortlessly procured is essential for maintaining a stable and efficient filtration system.

In essence, picking the right filter goes beyond mere selection—it's a journey of understanding and aligning necessities, technical nuances, and everyday functionality. It involves making balanced decisions that suit the plants' needs, meet the filter's technical requirements, and align with the practicality of daily care and maintenance. It's about embracing the nuances, making informed and thoughtful decisions that resonate with the grow room's essence, and optimizing the conditions for cannabis to thrive, bringing us a step closer to the pure, unadulterated spirit of cannabis cultivation.

Types of Filtration Systems: From Basic to Advanced

Navigating through filtration systems is like solving a layered puzzle, each layer crucial for cultivating cannabis. Each plan offers unique benefits to meet various needs and address distinct challenges in maintaining air quality during cultivation. They serve as silent protectors, ensuring optimal air conditions for the plants to thrive, and are essential in choosing the right approach to cultivation balancing technological solutions with the natural needs of the plants.

Flat Filters: Basics for Beginners

Flat filters are the go-to for those new to cannabis cultivation, offering a straightforward and affordable introduction to air filtration. They work through a simple mechanism, using flat, porous material to capture larger contaminants. Flat filters are perfect for smaller grow spaces for learning the basics before advancing to more complex systems, providing newcomers with a foundational understanding of air quality’s role in cultivating healthy, fruitful plants. They may not tackle every impurity, but they are a crucial first step in creating a clean environment where plants can begin to thrive.

Extended Media Filters: For Larger Grow Operations

When the operation scales up, Extended Media Filters come into play. These filters are designed for those who need to manage larger grow spaces. They offer more surface area to capture contaminants. They are adept at handling a higher volume of air, providing an added layer of protection and maintaining a balanced atmosphere, crucial for the flourishing of numerous plants in expansive spaces.

Electronic Filters: Advanced Filtration for Precision Growers

For the cultivators aiming for precision and higher control over the environment, Electronic Filters are the pinnacle. They leverage electrostatic attraction to trap particles, offering a more refined level of filtration. This precision ensures that the minutest contaminants are captured, allowing advanced growers to fine-tune the environment, paving the way for enhanced plant growth and yield.

Ultraviolet (UV) Filters: Battling Microbial Threats

Facing microbial threats requires an arsenal of its own—enter UV Filters. They use ultraviolet light to neutralize microorganisms, bacteria, and viruses, offering a shield against microbial threats. It’s not just about filtration; it’s a battle against invisible foes that could harm the plants. By sterilizing the air, UV Filters ensure that the plants grow in a sanitized, secure environment, free from the worry of microbial attacks.

Pros and Cons of UV Filtration

UV filtration shines as a guardian against microscopic threats, utilizing ultraviolet light to neutralize bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microbes that can compromise the well-being of cannabis plants. This method is a boon for cultivators aiming to uphold the highest standards of cleanliness and plant health in their grow rooms, ensuring a yield as robust as pure.

Balancing the advantages and the limitations, UV filtration emerges as a valuable ally for those looking to combat microbial adversaries in their cultivation journey. It's about making a thoughtful choice, considering the specific needs and challenges of the growing space, and investing in a solution that brings peace of mind and purity to the cultivation process.

HEPA Filters: High Efficiency Particle Absorption

HEPA filters are the elite choice for maintaining pristine air quality in cannabis cultivation, designed to trap a substantial amount of minuscule particles that other filters might miss. Renowned for their efficiency, these filters absorb particles as tiny as 0.3 microns, making them instrumental in warding off harmful bacteria and mold spores, ensuring that the air circulating through the grow room is of the highest caliber, conducive to yielding healthier, uncontaminated plants. While they might be more of an investment than simpler models, their efficacy in maintaining a contaminant-free environment can be well worth the initial cost.

Ensuring Proper HEPA Filter Maintenance

Maintaining a HEPA filter is integral to its performance and longevity. Regular checks and timely replacements are critical. An improperly maintained filter can’t do its job, posing a risk of contaminant buildup and compromised air quality in the grow room. By ensuring that the HEPA filter is in optimal condition, cultivators can continue to rely on its high-level filtration to create a clean and flourishing growth environment for the cannabis plants.

Why Air Filters for Cannabis Grow Rooms Don’t Work 

While the right air filtration system can bring immense benefits to cannabis cultivation, it’s crucial to understand that sometimes, air filters might not function as expected in grow rooms. Recognizing the potential pitfalls and limitations is essential to refining the cultivation environment. Understanding the possible shortcomings and common errors in using air filters helps to optimize the grow room conditions, enhancing the growth and yield of the cannabis plants while maintaining a balanced and clean environment conducive to their development.

Common Mistakes in Filter Usage

Sometimes, it's about something other than the imperfection of the air filter, but rather, the missteps made during its usage diminish its efficacy. Overlooking the need for proper installation, irregular maintenance, and choosing the wrong type of filter are common errors that can sabotage the effectiveness of air filtration in cannabis grow rooms. A lapse in regular maintenance can lead to a buildup of contaminants, creating a breeding ground for molds and pathogens. It's imperative to avoid such oversights and ensure the continuous optimal operation of the filtration system.

The Flaws in Filters

Even the most advanced and suitable air filters have their shortcomings. Certain filters may struggle to remove particular contaminants effectively, and some might experience quick degradation, requiring regular replacements. A filter might excel at trapping larger particles but work with smaller, more minute contaminants, allowing them to infiltrate the cultivation environment. Recognizing these inherent limitations and choosing a filtration system that best mitigates them is vital in maintaining a healthy and productive cultivation atmosphere for cannabis.

Maintenance Insights: Keeping the Filtration System Optimal 

Maintaining optimal functionality of the filtration system is paramount in a cannabis grow room, as it directly impacts the quality and yield of the crops. Effective maintenance practices can mitigate potential risks and ensure a steady and balanced environment, vital for the plants' well-being and growth.

Cleaning Routines and Tips

Regular cleaning and upkeep of air filters are crucial to maintain the air purity within the grow rooms. Cleaning isn’t merely about dust removal; it’s also crucial to rid the space of contaminants that could potentially damage the plants. Keeping a consistent cleaning routine helps in avoiding the accumulation of impurities and assures that the filter performs at its best.

Schedule and Best Practices for Filter Cleaning

Having a regular schedule for cleaning the filters and following the best practices is key in this regard. The cleaning intervals are shaped by both the variety of filter and the prevailing conditions in the grow space. For instance, simple flat filters generally need more frequent attention because of their design and functionality. In contrast, more advanced filters like HEPA might not demand regular cleaning but do need meticulous handling during the process. Always referring to the manufacturer's guidelines and being meticulous during cleaning processes will help ensure the longevity and efficiency of the filters.

The Lifecycle: When to Upgrade or Replace

Understanding the lifecycle of the filters and knowing when to upgrade or replace them is crucial. Timely replacements avoid compromising the grow room's air quality and overall plant health. Filters aren't everlasting; their efficiency degrades over time, and recognizing the signs of a worn-out filter is essential to maintaining optimum conditions within the grow space.

Signs of a Wearing Out Filter

Some telltale signs indicate a filter is wearing out, such as reduced airflow, increased dust and contaminants, or visible damage to the filter material. When these signs are noticed, it's imperative to act promptly. Postponing necessary repairs or replacements can deteriorate air conditions and may, in the long run, harm the vitality and output of the cannabis plants.

Maintaining filters isn't just about the technicalities but also about being attentive to the needs of the plants and ensuring a thriving environment for them to grow. It's about making balanced and informed decisions that align with the overall goal of successful cannabis cultivation.

Future of Filtration: Innovation and Sustainability in Air Filtration

In the future of air filtration, innovation and sustainability are pivotal. As we continually seek healthier, greener cultivation methods, the next generation of air filtration systems shows elevated efficiency and sustainability. As we navigate these advancements, our focus isn’t just on air quality. It’s also crucial to seek out filtration solutions that are environmentally considerate and offer enduring value.

Embracing Technological Advancements: Next-gen Filtration Methods

To embrace technological advancements is to accept and adopt new methods capable of efficiently removing harmful substances from the air. The next generation of filtration technologies aims to achieve more precise, reliable air cleaning through intelligent systems and automatic monitoring to meet the ever-changing cultivation needs. Our exploration should be focused on leveraging these technologies to create cleaner, safer air environments for cannabis cultivation.

Crafting a Sustainable Future with Air Filtration in Grow Rooms

In cannabis cultivation, adopting air filtration is a forward-thinking step, reflecting a conscious effort to align cultivation practices with environmental well-being. It's more than providing clean air for our plants; it's about laying the foundations for a cultivation approach conscious of its ecological footprint. In this pursuit, it's essential to embrace efficient and environmentally harmonious innovations, striking the right balance between optimum growth and environmental responsibility.

Pursuing sustainability in cultivation spaces should focus on long-term impacts, not just immediate ones. We've got to stay ahead, thinking about the environmental hurdles that could come our way and finding solutions that do good for both our plants and the world around us. Let’s work towards a future where our growing methods clearly show our commitment to protecting our environment, ensuring both our plants and the planet stay healthy for generations to come.

Conclusion

In the cultivation of cannabis, maintaining optimal air quality is paramount, and it's accomplished primarily through effective air filtration. Keeping the air quality pristine is fundamental—it's common knowledge among cannabis cultivators. Each filter, be it a simple flat filter or a sophisticated one like HEPA or UV filters, has its role, solving unique problems to keep the air clean in the grow rooms. It's vital to get the hang of the varied filter systems, know how to care for them, and recognize when it's time for a change to ensure they're working well for as long as needed.

Navigating through the maze of air filtration systems, from their varied types of usages to their maintenance, we've gained a deeper understanding of their indispensable role in cannabis cultivation. Recognizing the common mistakes in filter usage, the flaws in filters, and the importance of regular cleaning and timely replacement are stepping stones to optimizing air quality in cannabis grow rooms. Embracing innovation and leveraging next-gen filtration methods are not just about improving air quality; they are about enhancing the overall growing environment for cannabis, foreseeing and mitigating any potential issues in the future.

Creating a harmonious and sustainable future in cannabis cultivation is not just a goal but a journey—a journey of continuous learning, adapting, and embracing greener, more sustainable practices in every aspect of cultivation, including air filtration. Our growing practices show our promise to care for the environment; it's on us to make wise decisions that are good for our plants and the world.

FAQs

1. Why is air filtration crucial for a grow room, especially for cannabis cultivation?

Having suitable air filtration in grow rooms is pivotal for keeping the air clean, warding off impurities, and encouraging robust growth of the plants, notably for cannabis, which demands specific environmental conditions. This process is vital for eliminating detrimental substances, creating an ideal growing atmosphere, and enhancing crop yield.

2. How does a grow room benefit from advanced air filters like HEPA and UV filters?

Advanced filters like HEPA and UV are vital for eliminating tiny particles and microbes that can harm plants. HEPA filters trap minute particles, while UV filters disinfect the air by neutralizing microbial threats, ensuring a cleaner and safer environment for cannabis growth.

3. What are the common mistakes in using air filters in grow rooms?

Common mistakes include:

• Selecting improper filter types.
• Refrain from regular maintenance and cleaning.
• Delaying the replacement of worn-out filters.

These oversights can lead to degraded air quality and negatively impact plant health and yield.

4. How can employing air filtration methods aid in establishing sustainable practices for cultivating cannabis?

Implementing efficient air filtration is a step toward sustainable cultivation as it enhances air quality and plant health, reducing the risks of disease and infestations. Opting for green filtration alternatives also symbolizes a pledge to ecological accountability, fostering equilibrium in the ecosystem and enduring sustainability in cannabis cultivation.

5. Can the improper use of air filters in grow rooms affect the quality of cannabis production?

Yes, improper use or neglect of suitable air filters can lead to a compromised growing environment, fostering the development of mold, pests, and pathogens, which can significantly degrade the quality of cannabis production and its yield.